They are sure that they must walk home.是宾语从句吗,为什么,动词宾语从句

文章 2年前 (2021) admin
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Q1:英语问题

英语中的时态是一种动词形式,不同的时态用来表示不同的时间和方式。以下是英语中常见的八种基本时态。其他时态是基于这八种时态。1.简单现在时:1。概念:经常重复发生的动作或行为,以及某种当前情况。2.时间状语:总是,通常,经常,有时,每周(日,年,月…),每周一次,周日,3。基本结构:动词原型(如果主语是第三人称单数,则在动词后加(e)s)4。否定形式:am/is。这时,如果谓语动词是动作动词,就在它前面加上不要;如果主语是第三人称单数,则同时用don’t来还原动作动词。5.一般疑问句:把be动词放在句首;用助动词do提问。如果主语是第三人称单数,用do。同时,减少动作动词。6.示例:这里很少下雪。他总是乐于帮助别人。行动比语言更响亮。二、一般过去时:1。概念:过去某一时间发生的行为或状态;过去习惯性的和频繁的行为。2.时间状语:以前、昨天、前天、上周(年、夜、月.),1989年,就在现在,5岁,某天,很久很久以前,从前等等3 .基本结构:be动词;动作动词4。否定形式:是/不是;在动作动词前加没没,同时恢复动作动词。5.一般疑问句:句首是或曾经是;用助动词do的过去式do提问,同时还原动作动词。6.那时候她经常来帮助我们。我不知道你这么忙。三、现在进行时:1。概念:指现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作和行为。2.时间状语:现在、此时、这几天等3 .基本结构:am/is/正在做4。否定形式:am/is/不做5。一般疑问句:把be动词放在句首。6.你今天感觉怎么样?他功课做得很好。4.过去进行时:1。概念:指在过去某一时间或某一时刻正在发生或正在进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语:昨天的这个时候,那个时候或when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时中的时间状语等。3.基本结构:过去/现在正在做。否定形式:是/不是做5。一般问题:在句子开头放过去或过去。6.当时她在解放军某部队工作。他进来时,我正在看报纸。五、现在完成时:1。概念:过去发生或完成的行为对现在的影响或结果,或在过去开始并持续到现在的行为或状态。2.时间状语:最近,迟到,因为.为.过去几年等3 .基本结构:有/做过4。否定形式:有/没有。一般问题:有或没有。6.我写了一篇文章。这几天一直在下雨。不及物动词过去完成时:1。概念:在此之前发生的动作或行为,或过去某个动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。2.时间状语:去年年底之前(学期、月……)等。3.基本结构:做过。4.否定形式:没有做。5.一般问题:句首有。6.我们一到车站,火车就开走了。到上个月底。我们复习了四本书。一般将来时:1。概念:指将要发生的行动或现有的状态以及做某事的意图、计划或准备。2.时间状语:明天、下一天(周、月、年.),很快,几分钟后,由.后天等3 .基本结构:am/is/are/打算做;4 .否定形式:过去/过去不是;在动作动词前加没没,同时恢复动作动词。5.一般疑问句:在句首;将提到句子的开头。6.他们将在学习上和我们竞争。要下雨了。8.过去将来时:1。概念:从过去看未来,常用于宾语从句。
2.时间状语:第二天(上午、年…)、次月(周…)等。3.基本结构:曾经/将要/将要做什么;会/应该做。4.否定形式:过去/现在/不打算做;会/不应该做。5.一般疑问句:曾经是或在放于句首;会/应该提到句首。 6.例句他说他第二天要去北京。我问谁要去那里,表时间的介词,在,之前,之后,自,仍然,直到,在,从,之间,由,在,环,为,通过,在,超过2,表地点的例如:在,形成,在,之间,附近,附近,旁边,后面,前面,前面,前面,远处,过去,表工具或媒介例如,通过,通过,4,表内容例如:在,关于,关于,e到5,表原因例如,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于,由于。教某人做某事。帮助某人。做某事帮助某人。做某事帮助某人。使某人。做某事记得做某事忘记做某事忘记做某事不做某事等待某人观察某人。做某事见某人。告诉某人。关于某事愿意做某事。(不)对某人大喊大叫练习(做)某事离开某人告诉某人。想做某事让某人做。计划做某事。

Q2:初二下英语搭配 救济!!!!!!!!!!!!!

a pair of一双,一对  ask for 请求  ask sb (not) to do sth叫某人干  agree with赞同  all year round一年到头,全年  all kinds of各种,各样  all the time一直  argue with与争吵  around the world在世界各地  arrive in/at到达  at least至少  at a meeting在开会  at first首先  as…as possible尽可能  as…as象一样  be able to能够  be angry with 生气  be mad at对感到气愤  be good at擅长于  be careful小心   be allowed被允许  be surprised惊讶  be supposed to被期望/被要求  be interested in对感兴趣  break the rule打破规则  by the way顺便  complain about抱怨  come along出现,发生  come true实现,达到  come in进来  cut in line插队   call sb. up打电话给  do/wash the dishes洗碗  drop litter乱扔垃圾  do well in在方面做得好  enjoy /finish doing sth喜欢/完成某事  end up结束  fall in love with爱上   fall asleep入睡   far from远离  first of all首先  fly to飞向   find out找到  …find it adj. to do sth  keep…down压低声音   keep out不让进入   look for寻找   look smart 看起来精干   look after照顾  look through浏览  let (sb) in让进  let sb do sth 让某人干  get along相处   get over克服  get annoyed生气   get bored厌烦  get an ecation受教育  get on (well) with与相处(好)   get injured受伤  give sb sth/give sth to sb给某人某物  give away赠送  go skating去溜冰  go out of从出去/来  have a fight with与打架/争吵  have a surprise party举行惊讶聚会  have a great/good time玩得愉快  have been to曾到过  hear about/of听说  hundreds of好几百  had better (not) do sth最好做  in a minute一会儿  in 100 years100年后  in good health身体健康  in front of 在前面   in the future 未来,将来  in the front of在前面  in the playground在操场  in/out of style时髦/过时  in silence默默地   in order to目的  in (Russian) style具有俄国风格   in public places在公共场合  make sb do sth使某人干  make a living (doing sth)谋生   make money赚钱   make friends with与交友  more than多于  need to do sth 需要干   not…anymore不再  not…until直到为止  not at all一点也不   on (my tenth) birthday在(我十岁)生日  on the phone在通话  on the one/other hand在一(另)方面  open up打开  put out熄灭   pick…up捡起  pass (sth) on (to sb)传递  pay for 付款  part-time job兼职工作  run out of用尽   run away逃跑  rather than胜于   right away立刻,马上  spend…on/(in) doing sth花费  seem to do sth好象干  sleep late睡懒觉  see sb do/doing sth看某人做/在做  start/begin to do/doing sth 开始干某事  adj.(special) enough够(特别  It take sb some time to do sth.花费某人时间干某事  the same as与相同  try (not) to do sth尽力(不)干  three quarters四分之三   turn on/off打开/关掉   turn up/down开大/关小  talk to/with与谈话   take care of照顾  take part in参加  take off起飞take away拿走  take place发生  take an interest in对感兴趣  take care (not) to do小心(不)做  thanks for (doing)谢谢(做)  wait in line排队等候   want to do sth/would like to do sth 想干  There will be fewer/less…  --What should I do?  --You should do…  --what were you doing when…?  --I was (doing)…when…  While he was (doing)…,a girl called the police.  If you wear jeans to the party, the teachers won’t let you in.  --How long have you been skating?  --I’ve been skating since nine o’clock/for five hours.  Would you mind (not) doing sth?  Could you please (not) do sth?  Why don’t you /not (do sth)?  How/What about sth/doingsth?

Q3:初中英语问题

一般现在时的用法1)有规律的或习惯性的动作,常与时间状语连用,表示脸颊出现的频率。时间状语:每…,有的时候,在…,星期天我每天早上7点离家去上学2)客观事实,客观存在,科学事实。地球绕着太阳转。上海位于中国的东部。用作格言或警句。跌倒前的骄傲。跌倒前的骄傲。注意:如果这种用法出现在宾语从句中,即使主从句是过去时,从句的谓语也应该用一般现在时。哥伦布证明了地球是圆的.4)当下的地位、能力、性格、人格。我不想要那么多。安王英语写得很好,但说得不好。对比:现在我把糖放在杯子里。我现在正在做家庭作业。第一句用一般现在时表达言行的瞬间动作,一般现在时用于示范或指示示范动作。比如,现在看着我,我打开电流,退后。现在在第二句中是持续时态的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观情况,所以最后一句用的是一般现在时。2.简单过去式的用法1)发生在过去某个时间的行为或状态。时间状语包括:昨天、上周、一小时前、前几天、1982年等。你刚才去哪里了?2)指过去一段时间内有规律或习惯性的行为。小时候,我经常在街上踢足球。每当布朗一家去拜访时,他们都会受到热烈的欢迎。做某事“到……时间”是………的时候了。做了某事。很晚了,你该睡觉了。你该睡觉了。你该睡觉了。你该睡觉了。宁愿要某人。做了某事。意思是“我宁愿有人做某事”,我宁愿你明天骑骆驼。4)愿望、好奇、思考、希望等。用过去式,进行试探性的询问、请求、建议等。我想你可能有一些。我以为你想要一些。比较:一般过去式表达的动作或状态已经成为过去,现在已经不存在了。克里斯汀一生都是个病人。(意思:她已经不在人世了。)克里斯汀一生都是个病人。(意思是:她还活着)达比太太在肯塔基州住了七年。(意思是:达比太太已经不住在肯塔基州了。达比太太在肯塔基州已经住了七年了。(意思是:我还住在肯塔基,这可能意味着我刚刚离开。)注:过去时表示现在,是委婉语。1)动词想要想要、希望、惊奇、思考、打算等。你还想要什么吗?我想知道你是否能帮我。情态动词可以,可以。你能把自行车借给我吗?3.“过去是”表示过去的习惯性动作或状态,但现在已经不存在了。以前不那么强迫。害怕过去散步。(用来走路)用来做:我觉得习惯了,或者‘习惯’了.To是介词,后面跟名词或动名词。他过去常素食。围巾是用来散步的。(现在习惯走路)典型例子——你的电话号码又来了?我安静地接住它。-是s69568442.a .没没没b.coudn没c .别t d .答不上来a .虽然这个句子没有明确的时间状语,但是从语义上来说,我们听的时候并不理解这个动作发生在过去,所以我们用的是过去式。4.一般将来时1) shall用于第一人称,常用will代替。Will用在对每个人的陈述中,在争论观点时经常用在第二个人身上。我应该先读哪一段。今晚七点你会在家吗?2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be proced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 5. be going to /will 用于条件句时, be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it a s soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 6. be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 7. 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3)在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 11. 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first /second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题 (1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it’s the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is /was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,从句要用完成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month. 12. 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。) 小窍门: 当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 13. since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 被动语态的几种类型 1)主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态,如: He saw her in the shop yesterday. She was seen in the shop yesterday. 2) 主语有两个宾语的被动语态 Li Lei gave me a chemistry book. I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei. A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei. 3)主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态 若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为 感官动词:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch The teacher made me go out of the classroom. --> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground. --> He was seen to play football on the playground. 若宾语补足语是带to的不定式,那么被动语态仍保留to: Mother told me not to be late I was told not to be late by mother. 5)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。 Coal can be used to proce electricity for agriculture and instry. 6)表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组  believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that… 据说 It is reported that… 据报道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知 It is thought that… 大家认为 It is suggested that… 据建议 It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 It has been decided that… 大家决定 It must be remember that…务必记住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 14. 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I’ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till /until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……" He didn’t come back until ten o’clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o’clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don’t need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2.---I’m sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现 . 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 举例: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3) 动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 2. 不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel ince inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句: a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法: Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。 3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 注意 : 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 . 不定式作主语 1) It’s easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It’s so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。 2) It’s very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。 注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 (错)It is to believe to see. 4. It’s for sb.和 It’s of sb. 1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等: It’s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It’s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。 for 与of 的辨别方法: 用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如: You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。 He is hard. (人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。) 3) 祁使句(Imperative Sentence) 祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议,等等。祈使句的主语常被省略,因为这个主语很明确地是听话人"you"。当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语。 祈使句的谓语用动词原形;它的否定形式是句首用Don"t + 动词原形,或是Not to + 动词原形。例如: Be quiet , please ! (大家)请安静。 Stand up ! 起立! Don"t smoke in the office . 请不要在办公室吸烟。 Don"t be standing in the rain . 别站在雨里。 Not to be careless when you"re driving a car . 开车时不要粗心大意。 4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence) 感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中,有很多是由What或How引起的。What 用来强调名词,How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首;句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序。 当然,如果不用这种句型,而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪,那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如: What a fine day it is today ! 今天天气多好啊! How fine it is today ! 今天天气多好啊! What a lovely son you have !你有个多可爱的儿子啊! How lovely your son is ! 你的儿子多可爱 如果还有什么不明白 请问我 随时恭候 我英语今年高考可考了120多啊

Q4:请教一个关于英语时态的问题.

它是过去时态。以下是把直接引语变成间接引语的一些要领:一、如何改变个人言语;下面有一首顺口溜:“一个跟着主。有了客人,第三人不更新”。“跟随主语”是指当直接引语变为间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰。从句中的人称要根据主句主语的人称来变化,比如:她说。我哥哥想和我一起去。她说哥哥想和她一起去。“其次带宾语”是指当直接引语变为间接引语时,如果从句中的主语和宾语都是第二人称。还是被第二个人装饰的你。从句中的人称应与引号外的主句宾语一致。如果引号外的主子句没有对象。你也可以用第一人称,比如:他对凯特说。“你姐姐现在怎么样了?”他问凯特她姐姐那时怎么样。“第三人不更新”是指当直接引语变为间接引语时。如果从句中的主语和宾语是第三人或被第三人修饰,从句中的人一般不需要改变,如:史密斯先生说。杰克是个好工人。史密斯先生说杰克是个好工人。如何变时态:直接引语变为间接引语时,时态需要相应调整。现在时需要改成过去时;把过去时变成完成时;过去完成时保留了原来的时态。比如:1)她说。我丢了一支钢笔。她说她丢了一支钢笔。我们希望如此。她说他们希望如此。他将去见他的朋友。她说他将去看他的朋友。但是,应该注意的是,在以下情况下。当直接引语变成间接引语时,时态一般不变。直接言语是客观真理。老师告诉我,地球绕着太阳转,月亮绕着地球转。老师告诉我地球绕着太阳转,月亮绕着地球转。直接引语为过去进行时,时态不变。杰克说。约翰,当我在街上遇见你时,你要去哪里?杰克在街上遇见约翰时,问他要去哪里。(3)在直接引语中,特定的过去的年、月、日用作状语,当它们变成间接引语时,时态保持不变。小王说我出生于1980年4月21日。小王说他出生于1980年4月20日。如果直接引语是一般现在时。表示反复出现或习惯性的动作,间接引语和时态不变。他说,‘我每天早上六点起床。他说他每天早上六点起床。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去式(如应该、最好、习惯)并且已经有过去式(如可以、应该、会、可能)就不会变。彼得说你最好今天来。彼得说我那天最好去那里。三、状语如何变化:直接引语变为间接引语,状语变化有其内在规律,时间状语由“现在”变为“原来”(例:现在变成了当时、昨天。换成前一天)的地点状语,尤其是方向状语或者用指示代词修饰的,从“这里”到“那里”(比如这个换成那个),比如:他说,‘这些书是我的。他说这些书是他的。四.如何改变句型:如果直接引语是陈述句,那么间接引语应该是例如:她说,‘我们的车五分钟后到。她说他们的公共汽车五分钟后会来。如果直接引语是疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为what或if引导的宾语从句。例如:他说,‘约翰,你会游泳吗?他问约翰是否会游泳你已经完成作业了,是吗?我妈妈问。我妈妈问我是否完成了作业。“你是坐公共汽车还是骑自行车去上学?”他问我是否10点前去上学bus or by bike. ③直接引语如果是特殊问句,间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。 She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner. ④直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如: "Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. ⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用“suggest +动句词(或从句)。”如: He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film. 引述别人的话有两种方式:一是使用引号引出人家的原话,这叫做直接引语;一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来,这叫做间接引语。例如: John said, "I’m going to London with my father." 约翰说:"我要和父亲到伦敦去。"(引号内是直接引语) John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说,他要和他父亲去伦敦。(宾语从句是间接引语) 由直接引语变为间接引语,分以下情况: 1. 直接引语是陈述句时 间接引语为that引导的宾语从句(口语中that可以省略),主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。 He said , "You are younger than I."-’He said (that ) I was younger than him. 2.直接引语是疑问句时 间接引语为陈述语序:主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。 (1) 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。 She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?" →She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers. She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven’t you?" →She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film. (2) 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。 I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?" →I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night. (3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。 He asked , "Where do you live?" →He asked me where I lived. 3.直接引语是祈使句时 间接引语为不定式,作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语(don’t 变为not ). The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window. His father said to him , "Don’t leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open. [注意] (1) 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句,可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如: He said, "Let’s go to the theatre." →He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre. (2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked. →He asked me to open the window. "Why don’t you take a walk after supper?" he asked . →he advised me to take a walk after supper. "Shall we listen to the music?" he asked. →He suggested listening to the music. 4.直接引语是感叹句时 间接引语为what 或how 引导,也可以用that 引导。 She said, "What a lovely day it is !" →She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day. 5.如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时,则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化: (1) 一般现在时变为一般过去时 (2) 现在进行时变为过去进行时 (3) 一般将来时变为过去将来时 (4) 现在完成时变为过去完成时 (5) 一般过去时变为过去完成时 (6) 过去完成时不变,仍为过去完成时 [注意] (1) 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时,变为间接引语,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如: The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun." →The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. (2) 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语,变为间接引语时,一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如: He said to me, "I was born in 1973." →He told me that he was born in 1973. (3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效,变为间接宾语时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如: He said, "I’m a boy, not a girl." →He said that he is a boy ,not a girl. (4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作,在变为间接引时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如: The girl said, "I get up at six every morning." →The girl said that she gets up at six every morning. (5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句,在变为间接引语时,只改变主句中的谓语动词,从句的一般过去时则不变。如: He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ." →He told me that he had taught English since he came here. (6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如: The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation." →The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation. He said , "I could swim when I was only six ." →He said that he could swim when he was only six. 6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。 指示代词 this ---that these--- those 表示时间的词 now --- then today--- that day this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc) yesterday ----the day before last week(month) --- the week(month) before three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before tomorrow ----the next (following ) day next week(month)--the next(following)week(month) 表地点的词 here --there 动词 bring -- take come --go

Q5:考试了 ,一些英语上的问题求解~

1.When和While的用法和区别?when 是指某个时间所发生的事,用于在完成时态 while是指某个时间段所发生的事,用于进行时态 ①when意为"在……时刻或时期",它可兼指"时间点"与"时间段",所引导的从句的动词既可以是终止性动词,也可是持续性动词。如: When I got home, he was having supper.我到家时,他正在吃饭。 When I was young, I liked dancing.我年轻时喜欢跳舞。 ②while只指"时间段",不指"时间点",从句的动词只限于持续性动词。如: While I slept, a thief broke in.在我睡觉时,盗贼闯了进来。 ③when从句动词为终止性动词时,不能由while替换。如: When he came yesterday, we were playing basketball.昨天他来时,我们正在打篮球。 ④当从句的谓语是表动作的延续性动词时,when, while才有可能互相替代。如: While /When we were still laughing, the teacher came in.正当我们仍在大声嬉笑时,老师进来了。 ⑤当从句的谓语动词是终止性动词,而且主句的谓语动词也是终止性动词时,when可和as通用,而且用as比用when在时间上更为紧凑,有"正当这时"的含义。如: He came just as (or when) I reached the door.我刚到门那儿,他就来了。 ⑥从句的谓语动词如表示状态时,通常用while。如: We must strike while the iron is hot.我们应该趁热打铁。 ⑦while和when都可以用作并列连词。 Mike is tall while his brother is short.迈克的个子很高,然而他弟弟很矮。 Mary was on her way home when two big boys stopped her.玛丽正走在回家的路上,这时两个大个子男孩拦住她。2.little, a little, few ,a few ,some ,many ,much 的用法和意思many修饰可数复数名词,意为“许多”much修饰不可数名词,意思也是“许多”a lot of 和lots of完全一样,可修饰可数和不可数,意思是“很多,大量”little ,few都是“很少,几乎没有”的意思,区别在于little修饰不可数few修饰可数a little,a few意思是“一些”,区别同little ,fewsome ,any都是“一些,几个”的意思,区别:some用于肯定句,any用于疑问句和否定句3.宾语从句置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式,v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词(afraid,sure,glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:连词:that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词:who, whose, what ,which副词:when ,where, how, why 等。(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。例句:The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。例句:I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.在以下情况中that不能省略当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省。例句:He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。例句:Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。例句:I can’t tell him that his mother died.注意事项:许多带复合宾语的句子,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it作形式宾语。例句:I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.(二)由whether,if 引导的宾语从句由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。例句:I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.只能用whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句在带to的不定式前例句:We decided whether to walk there.在介词的后面例句:I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.在动词后面的宾语从句时例句:We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week直接与or not连用时例句:I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句if引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”例句:The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时例句:He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好象)时例句:He talks as if he has known all about it.(三)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。英语中的连接代词有:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。例句:Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?英语中的连接副词有:when,where,why,how,在句中担任状语的成分。例句:None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.4.引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,常见的if条件状语从句表示在某条件下,某事很可能发生,条件是可能存在的,主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的。如: If you ask him,he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam,you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。 If you have finished the homework, you can go home.如果你作业做完了就可以回家了。 另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时,表示对现在或过去的一种假设。如: If I were you,I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。 I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.要不是交通堵塞,我本会来得早一些。 另外你还要注意if 条件句的时态搭配 1.if从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时 If he runs he’ll get there in time. 如果他用跑的,他就会及时赶到那儿。 The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. 如果你拉猫的尾巴,它就会抓你。 2. if从句用一般现在时,主句用may/might/can If the fog gets thicker the plane may/might be diverted. 如果雾在大一些,飞机可能就会改在别的机场降落。 If it stops snowing we can go out. 如果雪停了,我们就可以出去。 3.if从句用一般现在时,主句用must/should If you want to lose weight you must/should eat less bread. 如果你想减肥,你必须少吃面包。 4.if从句用一般现在时,主句用一般现在时 If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加热,它就会化成水。5.if从句用现在进行时,主句用一般将来时 If you are looking for Peter you’ll find him upstairs. 如果你是在找彼得,上楼就会找到他。6.if从句用现在完成时,主句用一般将来时 If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill. 如果你吃完了,我就叫服务生来算账 注意 : 学习" if " 引导的条件状语从句的用法,现在总结一下: if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间; 条件句,放在前,逗号要放句中间。 条件句表可能,主句多用将来时; 条件句表事实,主句常用现在时。 在 if 引导的条件状语从句中,如果从句谈论的是一个有可能发生的事实及其产生的相关的结果,主句用一般将来时态,从句用一般现在时态。如: We can walk there if we can"t find a bus . If it rains tomorrow ,we will not go to the zoo. What will you do if you find a panda in danger. 如果 if 条件句谈论的是重复发生和预示要发生的情景和事件,则主从句大多用一般现在时态。如: If bears are in danger ,they attack people. 在 if 引导的条件状语从句中,if 和条件句位置灵活,可直接放在主句后面,若 if 条件句放句首, 从句后面要加逗号,和主句隔开。还要注意前后时态一致原则5.done的意思和用法adj. 完成了的,熟的,对的int. (表示同意)好,行v. [do] 的过去分词形式6.应该没有 will have 这个搭配7.on in at 的用法和区别1. 表示时间,注意以下用法:① 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at:I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。② 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in:We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。③ 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on:He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法:① 表示某一点位置,用 at:We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如:at my sister’s 在我姐姐家 at the doctor’s 在医务室② 表示空间或范围,用 in:What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么?He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。但有时两者可换用:The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。③ at与in的另一个区别是:at多用于指较小的地方,而in多用于指较大的地方:in Shanghai 在上海 at the station 在车站④ 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面:What’s on the table? 桌上有什么?There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。【注】在少数搭配中,也用介词 on:He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关:in the street (英) /on the street (美) 在街上in the road (英) /on the road (美) 在路上in the team (英) /on the team (美) 在这个队at the weekend (英) /on the weekend (美) 在周末at weekends (英) /on weekends (美) 在周末4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关:in bed /on the bed 在床上in the tree (多指树外之物) /on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上8.anyone, someone , everyone 的意思和是哪些用三单?意思分别是:任何人 一些人 ,每个人都用单三9.many ,some ,much 意思和用法?(1)some和any都有一些的意思some用在肯定句,I bought some books yesterday.any用在疑问句和否定句, I don"t have any books. Do you have any books?另外,some有某个的意思,如some day 某天any还有任何的意思,这时any在肯定、疑问和否定句中都可用。如I will help any of you.(2)much和many都是很多的意思。much修饰不可数名词,如I don"t have much money.many修饰可数名词,如many books, many people…… 10.how与what用法区别 在许多情况下,两者用法极为相似,只是句型结构稍有不同:1. 两者均可用来引出感叹句,how用于修饰形容词、副词或动词,而 what 用于修饰名词。如: How dirty that child is! 那孩子多脏啊! How I missed you! 我多么想念你啊! What bad weather we’re having! 多讨厌的天气! What a lovely house! 多漂亮的房子!2. 在询问看法时,以下两句型同义,注意搭配的动词不同:你觉得他的新书怎么样? How…like…? =What…think of/about…?正:How do you like his new book? 正:What do you think of his new book? 3. 在询问天气时,以下两类句型同义,但句型结构不同: 今天天气怎么样? How…?=What…like? 正:How is the weather today?正:What is the weather like today?4. 询问某人或事物的暂时现象通常用 how; 询问某人或事物的持久特征通常用 what……like。如: How’s work these days? 近来工作情况如何? A:What’s your mother like? 你母亲是怎样一个人?B:She is a very nice person. 她这个人非常好。 5. 询问某人的健康情况时用 how, 询问某人职业时用 what。如: A:How is your mother? 你母亲好吗?B:She is very well. 她很好。A:What’s your father? 你父亲是干什么的? B:He’s a doctor. 当医生的。 6. 表示“如何(说)”,用 how 和 what 均可,但搭配不同。如:它用英语怎么说?正:How do you say it in English? 正:What do you call it in English?7. 在询问“长短”“宽窄”“高低”“多少”等意义时,以下两类句型同义,用 what 比用 what 更正式。如: 你多大年纪?正:How old are you?正:What’s your age?8. 有个别情况,两者都可用,结构一样,含义一样。如: How [What] about Friday? 星期五怎么样? How [What] about having a rest? 休息一会儿怎么样?11.How soon ,How far ,How long 的意思和用法和区别意思依次是:多久 (用于将来时) 多远(对距离长短提问) 多长(对时间长短提问)做题时知道意思就可以了。12. 一、基本结构特点 too…to…结构,其意为“太……以至于不能……”。如: He is too shy to speak to her. 他太害羞,不敢同她讲话。 It’s too cheap to be good. 这东西太便宜,好不了(即便宜无好货)。 He is too young to know right from wrong. 他太小,还分不清是非。 二、不定式是否用被动语态 The text is too difficult to understand. 这课文太难了,理解不了。 The text is too difficult for the students to understand. 这课文太难了,学生理解不了。 但在某些特殊的语境,其中的不定式必须要用被动式。如:He spoke in a voice too low to be heard. 他说话的声音太低,听不见。 He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他年轻,不能到美国去深造。 三、too…to…有时可表示肯定意义 在以下几种情况,too…to…结构可以表示肯定意义,而不是否定意义: 1. 当副词too的前面有否定词修饰时。如: Never too old to learn. 活到老学到老。(永远不会太老而不能学习) It’s never too late to stop smoking. 戒烟何时都不算晚。(永远不会太迟而不能戒烟) 2. 当不定式前有否定词修饰时。比较:He is too foolish to understand this. 他太蠢,不会明白这一点。 He is too clever not to understand this. 他太聪明,不会不明白这一点。 3. 当副词too后面修饰的形容词是glad, ready, pleased等表示“积极”意义的词汇时。 I’m too glad to see you again. 又见到你我很高兴。 We are too ready to help you. 我们很乐意帮助你。 I shall be only too pleased to get home. 我要回到家里就非常高兴。 注:这类句子中的too通常含有very之意,且too前通常会有only, just等副词修饰。

Q6:初三小女生求助~~大家帮帮咱吧……英语滴

一、 一般现在时 构成 通常以动词原形表示。主语是第三人称单数时,其变化按照动词的基本形式中第三人称单数变化规则 用法 1、 现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。如: What time is it now? 现在几点了? My watch is ten to six. 我的手表是差10分6点。 2、 主句的特征、性格或能力。如: Dose Miss White teaches French? 怀特小姐是教法语的吗? She works hard. 她工作很努力。 3、 客观真理和客观存在及自然现象。 The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 apan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东边。 4、 常性的动作,常与always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, once a week, every day等时间状语连用。 They often play football. 他们常常踢足球。 She usually has breakfast at seven in the morning. 他通常早上7点吃早餐。 5、 用于时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中表示将要发生的动作。 I’ll tell him about the news when he comes.他来时我会告诉他信息。 We’ll help her if she asks us. 只要她需要,我们乐于帮助她。 6、 表示按时间表拟定的或已经安排好的事情,或要发生的动作。主要用于come, be, start, begin, return, leave, sail, arrive等瞬间动词,句中常有表示将来时间的状语。 The plane leaves Shanghai International Airport at 15:30. 飞机15:30分离开上海国际机场。 He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。 The plane arrives at 4:00 a.m. 着辆飞机早上4点到达。 7、 表示最近的将来,说话人说话时动作尚未开始,但即将开始。 Now I go. 现在我走啦。 Here I give you some examples. 这是我给大家举些例子。 8、 有时可用来表示离现在较近的过去。 He is gone. 他走了。 I come to apologize. 我是来道歉的。 9、 代替现在完成时,主要用于say, see, hear, learn, tell, read, write等表示互通信息的少数动词,用的场合也有限。 I hear he has left London Airport. 我听说他已经离开伦敦机场。 He writes to say he will go to China. 他写信说他要去中国。 10、 句型I hope, I bet等后面的that…分句和句型see (to it) /make sure /make certain + that …分句中可用一般现在时态表示将来时间: I bet it rains tomorrow. 我敢打赌明天要下雨。 11、 报纸、杂志、书籍等表示客观事实的。 Chinese Athlete Wins Gold Medal 中国运动员获金牌 The report says heavy rain tonight. 报道说今晚有大雨。 注意: 1、 语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词(除be 和 have外)词尾要加-s,其构成法与名词变复数的规则相同。第三人称单数不只限于he, she, it,还有单数名词、不定代词、不可数名词、抽象名词、物质看次等。 Each of the students knows the news. 每个学生都知道这个消息。 She likes swimming. 她喜欢游泳。 2、 某些表示相对静止状态的动词be, believe, forget, hate, have, hear, know, like, mean, remember, seem, smell, taste, think, want等通常不用进行时,而用一般现在上四百十 说话时正在发生的动作。 I have a bike. 我有辆自行车。 This soup tastes good. 汤尝起来很好喝。 He wants to go out for a walk. 他想出去散散步。 二、 一般过去时 用法 1、 表示过去发生、完成的事或存在的状态,与表示过去时间的状语yesterday, last week, hours age, just now, in 1990等连用。 I met him last Monday. 我上星期一见到他。 What did you do two days age? 两天前你干了什么? 注意:一般过去时也可与today, this week, this month, this year等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语绝不包括“现在”在内。如: Did you see her today? 今天你看见她了吗? 2、 在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,表示过去将来的动作。 She said she wouldn’t go if it rained. 她说如果下雨她就不走了。 He said he would tell her all about it if he met her. 他说如果他见到她,他会把一切告诉她。 3、 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与always, usually, often, sometimes, never等时间状语连用。 Tom always got up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast. 汤姆过去一直起得很晚,从来没有时间吃早饭。 Jenny was often late for school. 珍妮常常上学迟到。 4、 用于since引导时间状语从句中的谓语动词 1) 短暂动词的一般过去时,表示非持续性动作的结束。如: The area has changed a great deal since I left. 自从我离开以来那地区发生了很大的变化。 It had been two years since he was in the army. 他参军两年了。 2) 持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时,表示动作或状态的完成或结束。如: It is /has been two years since he was in the army. 他复员两年了。 My classmates have written to me since I lived in the city. 我离开那个城市以来同学常常给我写信。 5、 一般过去时于有时形式上是过去,实际上指现在,用过去形式是根据时态一致原则。 I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这里。 6、 在want, wonder, think, hope等少数几个动词中可用一般过去时表示婉转口气。 Did you want anything else?你还要什么呢? I wondered if you could help me. 我不知道你能否帮我一下。 7、 常用”would + do”表示过去经常反复发生的动作。如: We would turn to him for help when we were in trouble. 我们一遇到麻烦,就升秒年个 他请求帮助。 He would get up early, go to the fields to work. 他起得早,下地去干活。 三、 一般将来时 should /will + 动词原形 用法 1、 表示一个将要发生的动作或状态,“will (shall) + 动词原形”,“will”用于各人称,“shall”只用于第一人称。与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next time, in two days等连用。 Next month he will be eighteen. 下个月他18岁。 2、 一般将来时也可以与now, today, tonight等时间词连用。如: I shall do it now. 我现在就做这件事。 They’ll go tonight. 他们今晚去。 3、 在疑问句中用来征询听话人的意图或愿望。如: I will go to the classroom. Will you come with me? 我要去课室,你和我一起去好吗? Will you please come in? 请进来,好吗? Shall we help him clean the room now? 我们要帮他打扫房间吗? 4、 当上下文清楚时,时间状语可以省去。如: You go ahead. I’ll catch up. 你先走吧,我会赶上来的。 5、 与状语从句连用。常与表时间的状语连用。如: When I have time, I’ll go. 我有时间就去。 (与when从句连用) I will tell them after you leave. 你离开后我就告诉他们。(与after从句连用) 亦可与条件状语从句连用。如: He’ll help you if you ask him. 你提出请求,他就会帮你。(与if从句连用) 6、 用于状语从句中。表时间和条件的状语从句一般用一般现在时表将来,但有时亦可用一般将来时。连词before 引导的时间状语从句可用来表以内将来时。如: It will be long before he will come back.他要过很就才会回来。(此句的重点是before从句) 表条件的if从句亦可用一般将来时,这种从句的主语多用it。如: If it will help at all, I will go. 如果于事有补,我就去。 7、 be going to 在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排非要做的事,也用来表示必然、很可能发生的事或自然现象。 They are going to sell the old books.他们打算卖了旧书。 It’s going to be a fine day tomorrow. 明天是一个晴天。 8、 be to do表示按计划即将发生的动作或表示约定、职责、义务、意图、禁止、可能性等。 The meeting is to take place at nine this morning. 会议将于早上9点召开。 We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在校门口碰头。 Smoking is not to be allowed here. 这里禁止吸烟。 9、 be about to do用于表示就要发生的事,一般不再与时间状语连用。 He is about to go. 他要走了。 The meeting is about to begin. 会议即将开始。 注意:be going to(表示将来)与will /shall的区别: be going to 表示将来时间通常是计划安排或打算,事先有所考虑,而will/shall是在特定的情景里一方听了另一方的话的即刻回应。如: I’m going to see the film tonight. 我今晚打算看电影。 —Could you post the letter for me if you go to the post office?如果你去邮局,替我把这封信寄了好吗? —OK, I’ll post it for you. 好吧,我替你寄。 四、 一般过去将来时 用法 一般过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。主要有以下几种形式: 1、 should /would + 动词原形 这一形式表示过去将来时间,通常带有表示过去将来的时间状语,多见于从句或间接引语中。 I wanted to know when you would finish the article. 我想知道你什么时候写完论文。 He said he would wait for me at the gate. 他说他将在校门口等我。 2、 was /were going to +不定式 They told me they were going to plaint trees. 他们告诉我他们打算去植树。 3、 was /were to + 不定式 这一形式通常指按过去的计划,安排将在某个过去将来时间发生的事。 The reporter said the sports meeting was to take place soon. 记者称运动会不久将举行。 4、 was /were about to + 不定式 这一形式通常指最近的过去将来时间。 The train was about to leave. 火车马上要开了。 这一形式在一定语境中可指未曾实现的意图,表示即将或正想做某事时,突然发生了什么事。 They were about to start when it rained. 他们正要出发,天就下起雨了。 五、 现在完成时 构成 have /has + -ed 用法 1、 表示说话之前已完成的动作,而且这个动作的结果对现在是情况仍有影响。 Mr. Wang has just come back from America. 王先生刚从美国回来。 Have the office been cleaned? 办公室打扫了吗? Have you been to Hong Kong? 你曾到过香港吗? 2、 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态。常与表示一段时间的状语today, this week, recently, lately, in the past (last) few days, since the end of last year, since two weeks age, for a long time等时间状语连用。如: They have lived here for more than ten years. 他们已在此住了十几年。 They haven’t given us any more trouble since then. 自那以后他们再没给我们带来麻烦。 3、 在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来完成时。 I’ll go home as soon as I’ve had the bicycle mended. 我把自行车修好就回来。 We are going after we’ve had breakfast. 我们吃过早餐走。 4、 在“it’s the first /the second time (that)…”等结构中。 It’s the first time I have visited this city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市。 注意:1、注意区分: have /has been to + 地点 意为“曾去过某地”,暗含目前已不在该地,仅表示当事人的一种经历而已。 have /has gone to + 地点 “到了某地去了”,暗含“已离开原地去了某地”之意,但是否到达了某地尚不确定。 如:He has gone to Shanghai. 他去了上海。 He has been to Shanghai. 他去过了上海。 2、瞬间动词的肯定式现在完成时不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。瞬间动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,因为否定的状态是可以延续的。如: I haven’t seen Mary for two years. 我两年没见玛利了。 3、现在完成时不能和表示过去特定时间的状语,如yesterday, last moth, three days ago, in 1989等连用;但可以就产生不确定时间的状语连用,如: How many pages have you read today? 今天你读了多少页? 六、 过去完成时 助动词had (用于各种人称和数)+ 过去分词 用法 1、 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成或延续到某一过去时间的动作或状态,即“过去的过去“。这一动作可以是一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。这个过去的时间常用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。 The train had left before she got to the station. 在她到车站以前,火车已开走了。 We had learned about 500 English words by the end of mine. 到上个月为止,我们已经学了约500个英文单词。 Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了,他曾是我的一位好友。 2、 用于以连词when, as soon as, as…as, before, after, until, now that引导的状语从句中或一些宾语从句中以表示动作发生的时间早于主句所表示的动作,可表示原因、动作先后等关系。如: After I had finished my homework, I watched TV last night. (表时间先后) We took a taxi home, as the last bus already gone. 由于最后一班公车已开走,所以,我们就乘出租车回家。(表原因) He got to the airport and suddenly realized that he had forgotten to bring his ticket. 他赶到机场时突然意识到他忘了带机票。 3、 有些表示愿望、打算等的词,如:hope, expect, mean, intend, want等,其过去时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图。如: They had wanted to help you but could not get here in time.他们本想帮忙,却没能及时赶到。 I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的,但当时确实太忙了。 I had thought you would come tomorrow. 我原以为你明天才来呢。 4、 在No sooner…than…;Hardly (scarcely)…when结构中,前面的动词多用过去完成时。 No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.我们刚刚离开家就开始下雨。 5、 用在一般过去时之后的间接引语中。 He told me that he had been seen the film the day before. 他跟我说他前一天看过那个电影了。 6、 用于虚拟语气中。 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你,他就会问你这件事了。 I should have called you if I had known your telephone number. 要是我知道你的电哈号码,我就给你打电话了。 注意:1、过去完成时的句子中,终止性动词不能与一段时间连用,而状态动词的过去完成时必须和一段时间连用。如: He had already died. 他已经死了。 He had been dead for an hour. 他已经死了一个小时了。 2、一般过去时代替完成时的情况 1) 含有动作已经完成意义的动词,如:arrive, enter, open等,当主句和从句的两个动作紧紧相连时,两个动词都可以用一般过去时。如: When he entered the office, he heard the telephone ringing. 他一进办公室,就听到电话响了。 2) 由连词before, after, as soon as 等引导的从句,由于连词本身意义已经说明主句和从句两个动作先后发生的关系,因此,两个动词都可以用一般过去时。如: After he closed (= had closed) the door, he left the house. 他关好门后离开房子。 I telephoned you as soon as I got home. 我一到家,就给你打电话。 七、 将来完成时 shall /will have done sth. 用法 1、 表示在将来某一时刻或某一时刻之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,常与表示将来的时间状语及条件或时间状语从句连用。如: How many words shall we have learned by the end of term? 到本学期末我们学了多少词汇? Next Monday I shall have been for a month. 到下周一,我到这就满一个月了。 If you come at five o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner. 你若5点来,我还没吃完晚饭。 When you get home, she will have gone to bed. 你到家时,她3该已经睡了。 2、 表示一种推测。主要用语第二、第三人称。如: She will have watched this film already. 她恐怕已经看过这场电影了。 You will have arrived home by now. 这时候你可能已经到家了。 八、 过去将来完成时 should /would have done sth. 用法 1、 过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作,并往往会对过去将来某一时间产生影响。 We hoped that she would have got the plan ready before we came back. 我们希望她能在我们回来之前把计划做好。 He said he would let me have the book as soon as he had read it. 他说书一看完就借给我。 2、 过去将来完成时还常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反。如: If I had seen him this anteroom, I would have told him about it. 今天下午我要是见到他,我会告诉他那件事的。 九、 现在进行时 am /are /is + doing 用法 1、表示说话时正在进行而未完成的动作或状态。 They are watching TV. 他们正在看电视。 2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻动作不一定正在进行。 They are preparing for the exam these days. 他们这些天正在准考试。 3、 时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时。 If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up. 如果他来时我在睡觉,叫醒我。 4、 与副词always, usually, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表达说话的某种感情色彩。 She is always doing wrong. 她总是做错事。 5、 表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作,即常表示最近或较近的将来。Come, go, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来时间的状语连用表示“意图”“安排”(但表示固定不变的)或“打算”的含义。如: What are you doing on Sunday evening? 你周日晚上打算干什么? Are you coming on Sunday? 你周日来吗? I must be leaving now. 我现在该走了。 What are you doing after school today?你们今天放学后干什么? 6、 口语中某些表示说话的动词,如ask, tell, talk, say等也用现在进行时表示刚刚过去的动作。如: The woman who you are asking about is over there. 你刚才问的那个女人就在那边。 I don’t know what you are talking about. 我不知道你在讲什么。 7、 少数表示心理活动的静态动词如hope, wonder等也可以用现在进行时表示客气的口气。如: I’m hoping you’ll give us some advice. 我希望你能给我们提建议。 I’m wondering if I may go out for a walk with you. 我在想是否可以和你出去散步。 注意:能用现在进行时的动词通常都是表示动作的动词,尤其是表示持续性动作的动词,如:work, study, live, stay, read, write等;不表示持续的行为,而表示知觉、看法、认识、感情、愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时。如:see, hear, smell, taste, recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, love, hate, dislike, forgive, want, refuse, belong to, seem等。 十、 过去进行时 构成:was /were + 现在分词 用法 1、 表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作,往往有表示过去的时间状语then, at that time, this time yesterday等,或与过去发生的某事同时发生的动作(即与when, while引出的时间状语从句连用)。 They were talking about a film at six yesterday evening. 昨晚6点他们正在谈论一部电影。 What were you doing at this time last week? 上周的这个时候你在干什么? When the teacher came in, they were talking. 老师尽量时,他们在讲话。 2、 表示在过去某一段时间内进行的动作。 They were swimming from two to three yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午2点到3点他们在游泳。 She was watching TV the whole morning. 她整个上午在看电视。 3、 表示过去将要发生的动作。 He said he was leaving on Tuesday. 他说他周二动身。 Tom said he was going tomorrow. 汤姆说他明天去。 4、 过去进行时有时可表示过去未实现的意愿或打算。 She was leaving the next day but she missed the train. 他本来打算第二天离开,但她没赶上火车。 I was sending him some book this morning but I forget it. 今天早上本想给她寄些书,可以给忘了。 5、 用过去进行时描写故事背景。 It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑了下来,风势增强了。 The procession was going. He was standing among the crowd looking on. 队伍在前进。他站在人群中观看。 6、 过去进行时动词常与always, forever, continually, constantly, frequently等副词连用,代替一般过去时,强调表示过去经常性或习惯性动作,表示出说话人的赞美、厌烦等情绪。 He was constantly leaving his things everywhere. 他老是把东西乱丢。 It was raining frequently here. 这里老是下雨。 7、 动词hope, wonder, think等用于过去进行时,表示谦虚、有礼貌的询问或建议,并非指过去,而是指现在。 I was hoping you wouldn’t mind having supper with me. 我希望你不要介意和我吃晚饭。 I was wondering whether you’d like to go to the cinema with me. 我想知道你是否愿意和我一起看电影。 I was thinking it might be a good idea to pay a visit to my friend. 我想去拜访我的朋友会是个好主意。 十一、将来进行时 构成: shall /will + be + 现在分词 用法 1、 将来进行时主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作,常表示事情的正常发展,是有客观情况决定的。 I sill be sitting on the train at 9:00 tomorrow morning. 明天早上9点我将正在火车上. I’ll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow. 我明天将见到史密斯先生。 2、 表示已决定或预料要发生的将来动作。 What shall we be doing next? 下一步我们干什么? The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就要开出了。 Come on, we’ll be having lunch in a minute. 快点,马上就要吃午饭了。 3、 表原因、结果和可能。 Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I’ll be having a meeting. 请你明天下午来吧。明天上午我有一个会议。(表原因) If I fall to appear by 6 o’clock, I will not be coming at all.如果我6点还没到,我就不会来了。(表结果,与条件从句连用) I suppose you will be leaving soon. 我估计你快走了吧。(表可能,用于suppose之后) 4、 表推测,will还有“大概”或“一定”的意味,即表示一种揣测和表示某种倾向或习惯性的动作,不表看来而表现在,常与now连用。 5、 表委婉。 Will you be needing anything else? 你还需要什么吗? 十二、过去将来进行时 should /would be doing 用法 表示在过去将来某一时刻或时段内正在进行的动作或预计要发生的动作。常用在宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句尤其是间接引语中。如: I thought you would be sleeping. 我以为这会儿你已经睡着了。 Tom said they would be sitting off on 11 o’clock train. 汤姆告诉我,他们将乘11”00的火车去. I didn’t know when I would be seeing them again. 我不知道什么时候能再见到他们。 十三、现在完成进行时 构成:have /has been + 现在分词 用法 用于表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间,动作是否继续下去,则需视起来而定。如: How long has it been raining? 雨下多久了? She has been sitting there for more than 2 hours. 他已经在那坐了两个多小时了。 We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我们常常见面。 He has been telephoning me several times in two days. 这两天他打了好几次电话给我。

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