有问题就有答案
Q1：历届拉斯克医学奖
拉斯克医学奖（Lasker Medical Research Awards）拉斯克奖素有“美国的诺贝尔奖”之美誉，是美国最具声望的生物医学奖项。阿尔伯特· 拉斯克（Albert Lasker）医学研究奖是医学界仅次于诺贝尔奖的一项大奖，1946年，由被誉为“现代广告之父”的美国著名广告经理人、慈善家阿尔伯特·拉斯克（Albert Lasker）及其夫人玛丽·沃德·拉斯克（Mary Woodard Lasker）共同创立，旨在表彰医学领域作出突出贡献的科学家、医生和公共服务人员。自1962年起，获此项医学奖的科学家中有半数以上在随后的数年里又获诺贝尔奖。迄今，超过300人次获得拉斯克奖，其中至少已有68人相继获得过诺贝尔奖。拉斯克奖最初设有三个奖项：基础医学研究奖（Basic Medical Research）、临床医学研究奖（Clinical Medical Research）和公共服务奖（Public Service，2000年被重新命名为玛丽·沃德·拉斯克奖，以纪念拉斯克夫人）。1997年后，又增设特殊贡献奖（Special Achievement Award）。位于美国纽约的阿尔伯特和玛丽· 拉斯克基金会（Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation）是拉斯克基金的管理机构，获奖者由25名来自世界各国的杰出科学家组成的评审委员会评选产生。拉斯克奖的评选结果通常于9月公布，而诺贝尔奖通常是10月公布，因此拉斯克奖在医学界又被称作“诺贝尔奖风向标”。而且，获得基础医学研究奖后再获得诺贝尔奖的比例更高。1997年以来的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者中，近一半也是拉斯克奖得主：1997年（诺贝尔奖）Stanley B. Prusiner（1994，拉斯克奖），1998年Robert F. Furchgott（1996）、Ferid Murad（1996），1999年Gunter Blobel（1993），2000年Eric R. Kandel（1983），2001年Lee Hartwell（1998）、Paul Nurse（1998），2002年Sydney Brenner（1971），2003年Paul C. Lauterbur（1984），2005年Barry J. Marshall（1995）。而近几届诺贝尔化学奖，也有多位拉斯克奖获得者：2003年Roderick MacKinnon（1999），2004年Aaron Ciechanover（2000）、Avram Hershko（2000）。近年获得拉斯克奖的树突状细胞（2007）、端粒酶（2006）、干细胞（2005）、核激素受体（2004）、RNA聚合酶（2003）、泛醌（2000）等重大发现，原位杂交（2006）、Southern杂交和DNA指纹（2005）、实验鼠基因组操作（2001）等技术，以及人工心脏瓣膜（2007）、自身免疫病治疗（2003）、透析技术（2002）、ACEI类药物（1999）、癌症分子诊断（1998）等进展，无疑都将成为未来5至10年内诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的有力候选人。以下为1997年以来，历届拉斯克奖获得者名单（资料来源http://www.laskerfoundation.org）：2007Basic Medical Research: For the discovery of dendritic cells—the preeminent component of the immune system that initiates and regulates the body"s response to foreign antigens.（发现树突状细胞）Ralph M. Steinman (1943-): The Rockefeller UniversityClinical Medical Research: For the development of prosthetic mitral and aortic valves, which have prolonged and enhanced the lives of millions of people with heart disease.（人工心脏瓣膜技术）Alain Carpentier (1933-): Hôpital Georges PompidouAlbert Starr (1926-): Providence Health & ServicesPublic Service in Support of Medical Research and the Health Sciences: For his role as the principal architect of two major U.S. governmental programs, one aimed at AIDS and the other at biodefense.Anthony S. Fauci (1941-): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH2006Basic Medical Research: For the prediction and discovery of telomerase, a remarkable RNA-containing enzyme that synthesizes the ends of chromosomes, protecting them and maintaining the integrity of the genome.（发现端粒酶）Elizabeth H. Blackburn (1949-): University of California, San FranciscoCarol W. Greider (1961-): Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineJack W. Szostak (1953-): Harvard Medical SchoolClinical Medical Research: For the development of cognitive therapy, which has transformed the understanding and treatment of many psychiatric conditions, including depression, suicidal behavior, generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and eating disorders.（创立认知疗法）Aaron T. Beck (1921-): University of PennsylvaniaSpecial Achievement in Medical Science: For a distinguished 57-year career - as a founder of modern cell biology and the field of chromosome structure and function; bold experimentalist; inventor of in situ hybridization; and early champion of women in science.（发明原位杂交技术）Joseph G. Gall (1928-): Carnegie Institution2005Basic Medical Research: For ingenious experiments that first identified a stem cell - the blood-forming stem cell - which set the stage for all current research on alt and embryonic stem cells.（发现干细胞）Ernest A. McCulloch: University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, Ontario, CanadaJames E. Till: University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, Ontario, CanadaClinical Medical Research: For development of two powerful technologies - Southern hybridization and DNA fingerprinting - that together revolutionized human genetics and forensic diagnostics.（Southern杂交和DNA指纹技术）Alec John Jeffreys: University of Leicester (UK)Edwin Southern: University of Oxford (UK)Public Service: For creating one of the world"s great foundations devoted to curing breast cancer and dramatically increasing public awareness about this devastating disease.Nancy G. Brinker: Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation2004Basic Medical Research: For the discovery of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors and elucidation of a unifying mechanism that regulates embryonic development and diverse metabolic pathways.（发现核激素受体）Pierre Chambon: Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, FranceRonald M. Evans: The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CAElwood V. Jensen: University of Chicago and University of Cincinnati College of MedicineClinical Medical Research: For revolutionizing the surgical removal of cataracts, turning a 10-day hospital stay into an outpatient procere, and dramatically recing complications.（革新白内障切除手术）Charles Kelman (1930-2004): New York Medical CollegeSpecial Achievement in Medical Science: For a lifetime career that combines penetrating discovery in molecular biology with creative leadership in the public policy of chemical and biological weapons.Matthew Meselson: Harvard University2003Basic Medical Research: For pioneering studies on eukaryotic RNA polymerases and the general transcriptional machinery, which opened gene expression in animal cells to biochemical analysis.（真核细胞RNA聚合酶的开创性研究）Robert G. Roeder: Rockefeller UniversityClinical Medical Research: For discovery of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.（将抗TNF治疗应用于风湿性关节炎等自身免疫病）Marc Feldmann: Imperial College, London, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology DivisionRavinder N. Maini: Imperial College, London, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology DivisionPublic Service: For perceptive, sustained, and heroic advocacy for medical research in general, and victims of disability in particular.Christopher Reeve: The Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation2002Basic Medical Research: For discoveries revealing the universal machinery that orchestrates the budding and fusion of membrane vesicles - a process essential to organelle formation, nutrient uptake, and secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.（揭示了细胞膜泡出芽和融合的机制）James E. Rothman: Sloan-Kettering InstituteRandy W. Schekman: University of California, BerkeleyClinical Medical Research: For the development of renal hemodialysis, which changed kidney failure from a fatal to a treatable disease, prolonging the useful lives of millions of patients.（肾透析技术）Willem J. Kolff: University of Utah School of MedicineBelding H. Scribner: University of WashingtonSpecial Achievement in Medical Science: For an exceptional career in biomedical science ring which he opened two fields in biology - RNA processing and cytokine signaling - and fostered the development of many creative scientists.（RNA加工和细胞因子信号传导）James E. Darnell: The Rockefeller University2001Basic Medical Research: For the development of a powerful technology for manipulating the mouse genome with exquisite precision, which allows the creation of animal models of human disease.（高度精确的鼠基因组操作技术）Mario Capecchi: University of Utah, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMartin Evans: Cardiff UniversityOliver Smithies: University of North Carolina at Chapel HillClinical Medical Research: For the development of in vitro fertilization, a technological advance that has revolutionized the treatment of human infertility.（体外授精技术）Robert Edwards: Cambridge UniversityPublic Service: For his courageous leadership in improving worldwide public health, and his prominent role in the eradication of smallpox.William Foege: Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health2000Basic Medical Research: For the discovery and the recognition of the significance of the ubiquitin system of regulated protein degradation, a fundamental process that influences vital cellular events, including the cell cycle, malignant transformation, and responses to inflammation and immunity.（发现泛醌系统调节蛋白质降解的重要意义）Aaron Ciechanover: Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IsraelAvram Hershko: Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IsraelAlexander Varshavsky: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CAClinical Medical Research: For pioneering work leading to the discovery of the virus that causes hepatitis C and the development of screening methods that reced the risk of blood transfusion-associated hepatitis in the U.S. from 30% in 1970 to virtually zero in 2000.（发现丙型肝炎病毒并发明相关检测技术）Harvey J. Alter: Warren Magnuson Clinical Center National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDMichael Houghton: Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CAPublic Service:Betty FordFor using her leadership and prestige to bring about lasting progress in research, medicine and health aimed at alcohol and drug addiction.Harold P. FreemanFor enlightening scientists and the public about the relationship between race, poverty and cancer.David MahoneyFor visionary leadership in ecating the public and the donor community about the importance of brain research, and for directing funds for the support of neuroscience.John Edward PorterFor wise and perceptive leadership on behalf of medical research funding and a deep commitment to strengthening the science enterprise.Science Times of The New York TimesFor sustained, comprehensive and high-quality coverage about science, disease and human health.Special Achievement in Medical Science: For 50 years of brilliant creativity in biomedical science—exemplified by his legendary work on the genetic code; his daring introction of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a system for tracing the birth and death of every cell in a living animal; his rational voice in the debate on recombinant DNA; and his trenchant wit.Sydney Brenner: Molecular Sciences Institute, Inc., Berkeley, CA1999Basic Medical Research: For elucidating the functional and structural architecture of ion channel proteins, which govern the electrical potential of membranes throughout nature, thereby generating nerve impulses, and controlling muscle contraction, cardiac rhythm, and hormone secretion.（阐明离子通道蛋白的结构和功能）Clay Armstrong: University of Pennsylvania School of MedicineBertil Hille: University of Washington, School of MedicineRoderick MacKinnon: The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteClinical Medical Research: For developing an innovative approach to drug design based on protein structure and using it to create the ACE inhibitors, powerful oral agents for the treatment of high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease.（开发出ACE抑制剂类药物）David W. Cushman: Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research InstituteMiguel A. Ondetti: Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research InstituteSpecial Achievement in Medical Science: For a lifetime of contributions to neuroscience— including discovery of a method for measuring cerebral blood flow that led to current brain imaging techniques, adoptive studies in schizophrenia that established its genetic origin, and visionary leadership in mental health that ushered psychiatry into the molecular era.Seymour S. Kety: Harvard Medical School1998Basic Medical Research: For pioneering genetic and molecular studies that revealed the universal machinery for regulating cell division in all eukaryotic organisms, from yeasts to frogs to human beings.（细胞分裂调控机制的开创性工作）Lee Hartwell: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington College of Arts & Sciences, Seattle, WAYoshio Masui: University of Toronto, Ontario, CanadaPaul Nurse: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, EnglandClinical Medical Research: For incisive studies in patient-oriented research that paved the way for identifying genetic alterations that cause cancer in humans and that allow for cancer diagnosis in patients at the molecular level.（为研究导致人类癌症的遗传变异的开创性工作）Alfred G. Knudson, Jr.: Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PAPeter C. Nowell: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PAJanet D. Rowley: University of Chicago, Chicago, ILSpecial Achievement in Medical Science: For a lifetime career devoted to elevating science to its highest level—exemplified by accomplishments on diverse fronts—as a visionary biochemist, tireless institution builder, and eloquent public communicator.Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.: University of California, Berkeley1997Basic Medical Research: For elegant and incisive discoveries leading to the understanding of how regulatory proteins control the transcription of genes.（基因转录调控研究）Mark Ptashne: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NYClinical Medical Research: For the understanding and demonstration that low-dose vitamin A supplementation in millions of third world children can prevent death from infectious diseases as well as blindness.（为第三世界国家儿童补充低剂量维生素A有助于预防感染性疾病死亡和失明）Alfred Sommer: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MDSpecial Achievement in Medical Science: For a lifetime career as founder of the discipline of clinical genetics.（创立临床遗传学）Victor A. McKusick: Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
Q2：诺贝尔生理学或医学奖与物理有关
有点联系。1.欧内斯特施密特(Ernest Schmidt)和美国科学家亚当里斯(adam riess)因“通过观察遥远的超新星发现宇宙加速膨胀”而获得2011年诺贝尔物理学奖。2.2012年：法国巴黎师范大学教授Serge Arosh，美国国家标准与技术研究所和科罗拉多大学博尔德分校教授David Weinlander，因“发现、测量和操纵单个量子系统的突破性实验方法”获得2012年诺贝尔物理学奖。3.2013年：比利时理论物理学家弗朗索瓦恩格尔和英国理论物理学家彼得彼得希格斯因对希格斯玻色子(上帝粒子)的理论预测而获得2013年诺贝尔物理学奖。4.2014年，日本科学家明崎博史、谷野博史和日裔美国科学家中村秀树因发明蓝色发光二极管(LEDs)获得2014年诺贝尔物理学奖。5.2015年：日本科学家梶田隆章和加拿大科学家亚瑟B麦克唐纳分享了2015年诺贝尔物理学奖，以表彰他们对中微子振荡发现的贡献。6.2016年：三位美国科学家大卫索利斯(David Solis)、邓肯霍尔丹(Duncan Haldane)和迈克尔科斯特利兹(michael kosterlitz)分享了2016年诺贝尔物理学奖，他们对物质拓扑相变的理论发现以及对拓扑相变的理论贡献。
Q3：为什么诺贝尔生理学或医学奖不直接叫“生物学奖”？
首先，诺贝尔在遗嘱中提到的该奖项时是这样表述的：“一份奖给在医学和生理学界有最重大的发现的人”，因此，“诺贝尔生理学或医学奖”这个称呼也一直沿用至今，也有别称为“诺贝尔医学奖”；另外，通过对他的遗嘱的解读我发现，诺贝尔设立该奖项更多的是希望奖励对人类有巨大贡献的科研项目，而生理学或医学的主要研究对象为人，生物学则范围太广，不好定义，也就没有被拿来作为奖项名称了。 希望对你有所帮助！
Q4：诺贝尔奖生物学奖和医学奖是不是一起的
是的，官方名称是“诺贝尔生理学或医学奖”，不是生物奖。
Q5：获得最荒唐诺贝尔生理学和医学奖的科学家最终会被收回荣誉吗？
目前还没有这样的先例。诺贝尔生理学和医学奖最大的失误是在1948年被授予瑞士化学家米勒，他因为发明了DDT这种高毒性有机氯杀虫剂而获得了当年的诺贝尔奖。DDT的简单结构是DDT是一种难熔化合物，毒性残留时间长，因此在世界范围内被禁止生产和使用。诺贝尔生理学或医学奖是根据已故瑞典化学家阿尔弗雷德诺贝尔的遗嘱设立的，旨在表彰前一年在生理学或医学方面有杰出发现的人。诺贝尔生理学或医学奖正面是诺贝尔的半身像，右边是诺贝尔的生卒年(罗马数字)，左下角是作者签名。《E.LINDBERG 1902》奖牌背面是古希腊神话中的健康女神徐贵雅，从岩石中采集泉水，为生病的女孩解渴。奖牌上刻着一句拉丁文，大致翻译为：新发现让生活更美好。该奖项最早颁发于1901年，由瑞典斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡医学院评选。颁奖典礼每年12月10日(诺贝尔逝世周年纪念日)举行。2019年10月7日，2019年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓，威廉凯林、彼得拉特克利夫和格雷格塞门扎获得该奖项，以表彰他们“发现细胞如何感知和适应氧气供应”。2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由爱尔兰医学家威廉坎贝尔、日本科学家大村智和中国药剂师屠呦呦分享。2015年10月，屠呦呦获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，因为她发现了如何更高效地从黄花蒿中提取青蒿素，可以有效降低疟疾患者的死亡率。屠呦呦是第一位获得诺贝尔科学奖的中国本土科学家，也是第一位获得诺贝尔生理医学奖的中国科学家。他是迄今为止中国医学界获得的最高奖项，也是中医成就获得的最高奖项。
Q6：1923年诺贝尔生理及其医学奖颁给了班庭和麦克劳德，为什么班庭却不服气？
自诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁发以来，已有38位获奖者独享。有趣的是，从1901年到1950年，共有59人获奖，而从1951年到2000年，共有113人获奖。一个重要原因是1968年诺贝尔奖官方规定诺贝尔奖获得者不得超过3人。这个规定在当时引起了很大的争议。特别是在生物医学领域，许多研究是由团队进行的，而不是由科学家个人单独进行的。这意味着当一个奖项提名可能有三个以上的参与者时，它将被自动排除在外。在所有诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主中，最年轻的是加拿大人弗雷德里克万津(1923年)，他因发现胰岛素可以控制糖尿病而与约翰麦克劳德一起获奖。然而，这个结果激怒了万津，他认为麦克劳德是参与最少的。当时，麦克劳德是万津所在的多伦多大学的系主任，并没有直接参与研究。万津认为这项成就是他和实验室伙伴查尔斯贝斯特共同研究的结果，他应该和他分享这个奖项。后来，他决定把一半的奖金分给贝斯特。然而，麦克劳德认为，后来加入实验室团队的生物化学家詹姆斯科利普也应该获得这个奖项，并与詹姆斯科利普分享他的奖项。1923年，诺贝尔奖委员会决定授予万津和麦克劳德生理学和医学奖，以表彰他们对人类战胜疾病的巨大贡献。巴克斯特后来成为著名的生理学家。到目前为止，万津及其合作者发现的胰岛素仍然是治疗糖尿病的主要药物。此外，药物学家屠呦呦获奖后，引起了很大的争议。很多人认为青蒿素的发现不是她自己的功劳，而是集体研究的结果。后来屠呦呦自己也说，青蒿素的发现是当年研究团队集体研究的结果。